Front 19
RUDIMENTS
OF
MUSIC.
Continued.
one
to
two
is
a
step,
from
two
to
three
a
half-step,
from
three
to
four
a
step,
from
four
to
five
a
step,
from
five
to
six
a
half-step,
and
from
six
to
seven
an
augmented
second,
or
step
and
a
half,
from
seven
to
eight
a
half-
step.
The
seventh
tone
is
obtained
by
the
use
of
a
sharp.
The
descend-
ing
minor
scale
is
like
the
ascending
scale
except
from
eight
to
seven
and
seven
to
six,
which
intervals
are
whole
steps.
(See
example
above.)
LESSON
VIII.
1.
If
a
sharp
is
placed
in
front
of
a
note,
what
effect
has
it?
It
is
said
to
raise
the
pitch
of
it
a
half-step.
2.
If
a
flat
is
placed
in
front
of
a
note,
will
it
lower
the
pitch
of
the
note?
It
will
lower
it
a
half-step.
3.
What
is
a
natural
for?
It
is
to
cancel
the
effect
of
the
flat
or
sharp
and
restore
the
effected
note
to
its
natural
or
original
pitch.
4.
Where
do
we
find
intermediate
tones?
At
the
five
places
in
the
scale
where
whole
steps
occur.
5.
What
are
the
names
of
these
intermediate
tones?
They
are
named
after
the
tone
or
note
that
lies
nearest
to
them,
thus:
If
you
are
ascending
the
scale,
they
are
named:
Sharp
one,
sharp
two,
sharp
four,
sharp
five
and
sharp
six.
If
descending
the
scale
they
are
named
flat
seven,
flat
six,
flat
five,
flat
three
and
flat
two.
Sharp
one
and
flat
two
is
the
same
tone,
sharp
two
and
flat
three
is
the
same
tone,
sharp
four
and
flat
five
is
the
same
tone,
sharp
five
and
flat
six
is
the
same
tone,
and
sharp
six
and
flat
seven
is
the
same
tone.
Chromatic
scale,
ascending
and
descendings
Names.
Fa.
Fe.
Sol.
Se.
La.
Fa.
Fe.
Sol.
Se.
La.
Le.
Me.
Fa.
Names
Fa,
Me.
May.
La.
Lay.
Sol.
Saw.
Fa.
La.
Lay.
Sol.
Saw.
Fa.
Note-It
is
claimed
by
eminent
musicians
that
our
system
of
notation
came
from
the
Tetrachords
and
that
the
present
notes
of
the
four-note
system,
the
seven
notes
and
the
scale,
are
the
offsprings
of
the
ancient
Tetrachordal
method.
Tonic
Super-
Mediant.
Sub-
Dominant.
Sub-
Sub-
Upper
tonic.
dominant
mediant
tonic
tonic.
6.
What
is
meant
by
tonic?
The
tone
upon
which
the
key
is
founded.
DIAGRAM
OF
THE
CHROMATIC
SCALE.
LESSON
IX-TETRACHORDS.
1.
What
is
a
Tetrachord?
A
fourth;
also
system
of
four
notes.
Among
the
ancients
the
extremes
of
which
were
fixed,
but
the
middle
tones
are
varied
according
to
the
mode.
Two
chords
or
fourths
where
the
same
note
is
highest
of
one
and
the
lowest
of
the
other.
3.
How
was
the
tetrachord
divided?
It
was
divided
into
two
parts,
the
upper
and
lower
tetrachord,
each
having
four
tones
similar
to
the
scale
of
today.
4.
Can
the
scale
be
divided
as
is
now
written?
It
can;
and
partakes
of
the
scale
of
the
tetrachord
system.
5.
How
is
the
octave
or
scale
divided
into
tetrachords?
In
the
following
manner:
First,
the
first
tone
of
the
scale
is
called
the
tonic
and
is
the
key
tone.
The
second
is
called
the
super-tonic.
The
third
is
called
the
mediant.
The
fourth
is
called
the
sub-dominant.
The
fifth
is
called
the
dominant.
The
sixth
is
called
the
sub-mediant.
The
sev-
enth
is
called
the
sub-tonic.
The
scale
may
be
divided
into
two
equal
parts,
each
having
two
steps
and
one
half-step.
When
so
divided
the
divisions
are
call
tetrachords.
The
lower
part
is
from
one
to
four
inclusive,
or
from
tonic
to
sub-dominant.
The
upper
part
is
from
five
to
eight
inclusive
or
from
dominant
to
tonic.
7.
What
is
meant
by
Super-tonic?
Tone
next
above
the
tonic.
8.
What
is
meant
by
Mediant?
Three
of
the
scale,
the
tone
lying
midway
from
tonic
to
dominant.
9.
What
is
meant
by
Sub-dominant?
Fourth
tone
of
the
scale.