Page 5
RUDIMENTS
OF
MUSIC.
Continued.
GREEK
NOTATION.
1.
How
many
syllables
or
notes
did
the
Greeks
have
or
use?
History
informs
us
that
the
Greeks
had
four
syllable
denominations
of
notes,
which
they
applied
to
the
tones
of
their
tetrachord
as
we
assign
our
Fa,
Sol,
La,
Mi
to
to
those
of
our
octaves.
2.
What
was
the
names
of
these
four
syllables
or
notes?
They
wer
called
Te,
Ta,
The,
Tho.
The
Te
answered
the
first
sound
of
the
first
tetrachord.
3.
What
about
the
Guido
system
of
notes?
He
adopted
six
notes
or
syllables.
4.
What
did
he
call
them?
He
called
them
Ut,
Re,
Mi,
Fa,
Sol
,La.
He
took
them
from
the
Hymn
of
St.
John
the
Baptist.
5.
Was
Guido's
notes
readily
adopted?
They
were
not.
They
were
first
introduced
in
Italy.
6.
What
notes
were
used
in
France?
Syllables
called
Pro,
To,
No,
A.
These
were
used
in
France
for
a
long
time-several
centuries.
7.
What
other
notes
were
used?
There
were
many
different
names
given,
or
by
which
the
syllables
were
called
at
different
times.
In
1582,
and
for
some
time
after
that,
they
were
called
Vt,
Re,
My,
Fa,
Sol,
La.
The
Americans
used
exclusively
for
awhile
four
notes-Fa,
Sol,
La,
Mi.
C.
H.
Graun
employed
Do,
Mi,
Ni,
Po,
Tu
La,
Be.
Notes
or
syllables
have
been
called
by
many
other
names
at
times,
one
note
only
used.
Other
period
two,
3-4-5-6-7
and
as
high
as
fifteen
(15)
notes
or
syllables
have
been
brought
into
composition.
The
following
example
is
given
that
any
one
can
see
all
songs
can
be
sung
or
played
in
four
or
seven
notes.
The
place
of
the
syllable
Si,
according
to
the
Italian
method,
and
of
Mi,
according
to
the
other
method,
is
known
by
the
signature,
i.
e.,
by
the
flats
or
sharps
placed
at
the
beginning
of
the
tune
of
strain.
If
the
signature
be
natural,
i.
e.,
neither
sharp
nor
flat,
the
syllable
Si
or
Mi
(according
as
we
use
the
one
method
or
the
other)
falls
on
the
letter
B.
If
the
signature
be
one
flat,
B
b,
Si
o
Mi
is
on
E.
If
the
signature
be
two
flats,
B
b
and
E
b,
Si
or
Mi
is
on
A.
If
the
signature
be
three
flats,
B
b,
E
b
and
A
b,
Si
or
Mi
is
on
D.
If
the
signature
be
four
flats,
Bb,
E
b,
A
b,
D
b,
Si
or
Mi
is
on
G.
If
the
signature
be
on
one
sharp,
Si
or
Mi is
on
sharp.
If
the
signature
be
two
sharps,
F
sharp
and
C
sharp,
Si
or
Mi
is
on
C
sharp.
If
the
signature
be
three
sharps,
F
sharp,
C
sharp
and
G
sharp,
Si
or
Mi
is
on
G
sharp.
If
the
signature
be
four
sharps,
F
sharp,
C
sharp,
G
sharp
and
D
sharp,
Si
or
Mi
is
on
D
sharp.
THE
VOICE
IN
SINGING-VOCAL
ORGANS,
LUNGS,
ETC.
1.
What
organs
are
particularly
active
when
one
sings?
The
organs
which
are
particularly
active
in
singing
are
the
vocal
organs.
2.
What
have
the
lungs
to
do
with
it,
and
how
are
they
arranged?
The
lungs
into
which,
and
out
of
which,
the
breath
passes
are
two
in
num-
ber,
and
being
sponge-like
in
their
structure,
may
be
expanded
or
compressed
accordingly
as
they
are
inflated
or
emptied.
3.
What
proceeds
from
the
lungs
upwards?
From
each
lung
there
proceeds
upward
a
small
tube.
These
tubes
are
called
the
bronchi
or
bronchial
tubes.
4.
What
are
the
bronchi
or
bronchial
tubes?
The
bronchi
are
composed
of
a
number
of
cartilaginous
rings
which,
lying
one
above
another,
are
connected
by
a
membranous
covering
and
forming
a
single
tube
called
the
windpipe.
The
windpipe
is
constructed
similarly
to
the
bronchi,
but
is
larger,
its
diameter
in
adults
being
from
one-half
to
three-fourths
of
an
inch
and
its
length
about
four
inches.
On
the
upper
end
of
the
windpipe
is
attached
what
is
called
the
larynx.
5.
What
is
the
larynx?
It
is
pre-eminently
the
organ
of
the
voice.
It
enlarges
upward
and
is
composed
of
various
cartilages
and
acted
upon
by
numerous
muscles.
Among
these
cartilages
is
the
thyroid,
which
forms
the
proberance
commonly
known
as
Adam's
apple.
Within
are
two
ligaments,
called
the
vocal
chords
com-
ing together
something
like
lips-may
be
opened
or
closed
at
will.
In
ordinary
breathing
they
remain
separated
long
enough
to
allow
the
breath
to
pass
in
silence.
When
singing
they
become
closed
and
stretched
somewhat
so
that
as
the
breath
is
forced
through
it
compels
them
to
vibrate
and
produce
sound.
6.
What
is
the
glottis,
or
vocal
chords?
The
opening
between
the
vocal
chords
is
called
the
glottis.
At
the
top
of
the
larynx
is
a
tongue-shaped
ring
called
the
epilglottis.
7.
What
does
the
epiglottis
do?
It
prevents
the
entrance
of
food
or
drink.
8.
What
is
a
third
pharynx?
It
is
the
cavity
which
may
be
seen
at
the
back
of
the
throat,
extending
from
the
roof
of
the
mouth
downward.
One
can
distend
or
contract
it
at
pleasure
so
as
to
modify
the
sound
which
proceeds
from
the
larynx.